Version: 1.4.0

GraalVM Support

GraalVM Native Image

GraalVM Native Image compiles Java applications ahead of time. Because a native image cannot discover every reflective access or generate serializers at runtime, Fory prepares serializers and the required metadata while the image is built.

fory-core contains Fory's GraalVM Feature and activates it automatically. Applications do not need an additional Fory artifact or a --features option.

How It Works

Prepare each Fory instance during build-time class initialization:

Store the Fory instance in a static field.
Register every application class that the native executable will serialize.
Call fory.ensureSerializersCompiled() after registration is complete.
Configure the owning class for build-time initialization.

The Feature uses those registrations to provide the Native Image metadata required by Fory, including metadata for private constructors, records, serializer constructors, and registered proxy shapes. Application classes still need to be registered with Fory before serializers are compiled.

Fory disables asynchronous serializer compilation in a native image because runtime just-in-time compilation is unavailable.

Fory JSON

Fory JSON uses a separate Native Image workflow. Add the Fory annotation processor to the application compiler path:

<annotationProcessorPaths>
  <path>
    <groupId>org.apache.fory</groupId>
    <artifactId>fory-annotation-processor</artifactId>
    <version>${fory.version}</version>
  </path>
</annotationProcessorPaths>

Then add @JsonType to each concrete object model that the native executable reads or writes:

import org.apache.fory.json.ForyJson;
import org.apache.fory.json.annotation.JsonType;

@JsonType
public final class User {
  public long id;
  public String name;
}

public class JsonExample {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    ForyJson json = ForyJson.builder().build();
    User user = json.fromJson("{\"id\":1,\"name\":\"Ada\"}", User.class);
    System.out.println(json.toJson(user));
  }
}

The processor also supports Fory JSON Mixins for models that cannot be modified:

import org.apache.fory.json.ForyJson;
import org.apache.fory.json.annotation.JsonMixin;
import org.apache.fory.json.annotation.JsonProperty;

@JsonMixin(target = ThirdPartyUser.class)
public abstract class ThirdPartyUserMixin {
  @JsonProperty("user_id")
  long id;
}

public class JsonExample {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    ForyJson json =
        ForyJson.builder().registerMixin(ThirdPartyUserMixin.class).build();
    ThirdPartyUser user = json.fromJson("{\"user_id\":1}", ThirdPartyUser.class);
    System.out.println(json.toJson(user));
  }
}

JsonMixin is a build-time entry point for its exact declared target, so the target does not need JsonType solely to use the Mixin. The registered Mixin class literal must be reachable from the application. The processor emits available target operations for each non-empty Mixin, and the Fory JSON Native Image Feature retains the effective runtime metadata. Normal runtime codec precedence still selects the representation. An empty Mixin produces no generated output.

Only one source is enabled for an exact target in a built ForyJson. Later registration replaces an earlier source for subsequent build() calls; a runtime keeps the immutable snapshot it was built with. If the target also has a direct JsonType companion, a non-empty registered Mixin selects the pair-specific artifact instead of combining the overlay with the direct companion.

Do not add application reflection configuration as a replacement for the generated configuration. The native executable resolves the same effective annotations as the JVM.

The processor generates direct property and creator operations. The fory-json artifact activates its Native Image Feature automatically and retains the generated factories and required model metadata. @JsonType is not inherited, so annotate every concrete runtime model. An annotated base with a class-literal @JsonSubTypes table registers those listed subtypes automatically, but each concrete object subtype needs its own direct @JsonType to receive generated operations. Reachable concrete Collection and Map root types are also supported when they have the public no-argument constructor required by Fory JSON. Reachable @JsonCodec declarations register their codec constructor even when the declaration target is not an object model. A class referenced only by a runtime string is not reachable; JsonSubTypes.Type.className is therefore unsupported in a native image.

Native execution uses Fory JSON's interpreted readers and writers with the generated property and creator operations. ForyJson.builder() automatically disables runtime code generation and asynchronous compilation in the native executable, while all other builder options retain their normal behavior. Applications can create differently configured ForyJson instances at runtime and do not need build-time initialization or reflection configuration.

Type, field, effective ordinary getter, setter value parameter, and JsonCreator parameter @JsonCodec annotations are supported. The Feature registers every selected complete-value, element, content, Map-key, and Map-value codec constructor. This is the same annotation model used on the JVM and Android.

JsonValue fields and effective public zero-argument methods are supported, including matching one-String JsonCreator constructors and public static factories. Fixed JsonRawValue fields and getters support trusted raw String values, and fixed JsonBase64 fields and getters support Base64 byte[] values as on the JVM. For direct target annotations, annotate each reachable owning model with JsonType so Native Image retains these members and the Base64 codec constructor. A directly annotated JsonValue Record uses its generated component accessor and canonical constructor operations. An effective declaration supplied by a Mixin uses the Mixin workflow above instead.

JsonAnyProperty and JsonAnyGetter flatten their Map into the enclosing object. Use @JsonCodec(valueCodec = ...) on that field or getter to customize each dynamic value. A second JsonAnySetter parameter may use the normal configuration for its own value shape.

JsonUnwrapped uses the same interpreted behavior as on the JVM. For direct target annotations, annotate the containing model and every unwrapped child or intermediate object with JsonType so each model receives its generated property and creator operations. A Mixin retains the unwrapped models reached by its effective schema; register a separate exact Mixin for a child only when that child's annotations also need an overlay.

Child codecs act on one direct level. elementCodec supports Collection, Java arrays, and AtomicReferenceArray; contentCodec supports Optional and AtomicReference; keyCodec and valueCodec support Map keys and values. A complete value codec cannot be combined with a child codec.

An annotation codec must have the same public no-argument constructor required on the JVM. In a named module, export or open its package to org.apache.fory.json. A codec instance supplied through registerCodec is constructed by the application and needs no annotation-constructor metadata.

Basic Usage

Create Fory and Register Classes

import org.apache.fory.Fory;

public class Example {
  private static final Fory FORY;

  static {
    FORY = Fory.builder().withXlang(false).build();
    FORY.register(MyClass.class);
    FORY.register(AnotherClass.class);
    FORY.ensureSerializersCompiled();
  }

  public static void main(String[] args) {
    byte[] bytes = FORY.serialize(new MyClass());
    MyClass obj = (MyClass) FORY.deserialize(bytes);
  }
}

Configure Build-Time Initialization

Create resources/META-INF/native-image/your-group/your-artifact/native-image.properties:

Args = --initialize-at-build-time=com.example.Example

Registered Classes

During the native-image build, Fory automatically registers the metadata needed for registered classes, including:

Classes with private constructors
Private nested classes and records
Serializer constructors
Dynamic proxy shapes registered through GraalvmSupport

For Fory, your application metadata only needs to configure its build-time initialized bootstrap class, for example:

Args = --initialize-at-build-time=com.example.Example

Example with Private Record

import org.apache.fory.Fory;

public class Example {
  private record PrivateRecord(int id, String name) {}

  private static final Fory FORY;

  static {
    FORY = Fory.builder().withXlang(false).build();
    FORY.register(PrivateRecord.class);
    FORY.ensureSerializersCompiled();
  }
}

Example with Dynamic Proxy

import org.apache.fory.Fory;
import org.apache.fory.platform.GraalvmSupport;

public class ProxyExample {
  public interface MyService {
    String execute();
  }

  public interface Audited {
    String traceId();
  }

  private static final Fory FORY;

  static {
    FORY = Fory.builder().withXlang(false).build();
    GraalvmSupport.registerProxySupport(MyService.class, Audited.class);
    FORY.ensureSerializersCompiled();
  }
}

Use registerProxySupport(MyService.class) for a single-interface proxy. For proxies that implement multiple interfaces, pass the full interface list in the same order used to create the proxy. Call this method before ensureSerializersCompiled().

Thread-Safe Fory

For multi-threaded applications, use ThreadLocalFory:

import java.util.List;
import org.apache.fory.Fory;
import org.apache.fory.ThreadLocalFory;
import org.apache.fory.ThreadSafeFory;

public class ThreadSafeExample {
  public record Foo(int f1, String f2, List<String> f3) {}

  private static final ThreadSafeFory FORY;

  static {
    FORY =
        new ThreadLocalFory(
            builder -> {
              Fory f = builder.build();
              f.register(Foo.class);
              f.ensureSerializersCompiled();
              return f;
            });
  }

  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Foo foo = new Foo(10, "abc", List.of("str1", "str2"));
    byte[] bytes = FORY.serialize(foo);
    Foo result = (Foo) FORY.deserialize(bytes);
  }
}

Troubleshooting

"Type is instantiated reflectively but was never registered"

If you see this error:

Type com.example.MyClass is instantiated reflectively but was never registered

fory.register(MyClass.class);
fory.ensureSerializersCompiled();

If registration is conditional, make sure the same branch runs during build-time initialization.

Framework Integration

For framework developers integrating Fory:

Provide a configuration file for users to list serializable classes.
Load those classes and call fory.register(Class<?>) for each.
Call fory.ensureSerializersCompiled() after all registrations.
Configure your integration class for build-time initialization.

Benchmark

Performance comparison between Fory and GraalVM JDK Serialization:

Type	Compression	Speed	Size
Struct	Off	46x faster	43%
Struct	On	24x faster	31%
Pojo	Off	12x faster	56%
Pojo	On	12x faster	48%

See Benchmark.java for benchmark code.

Struct Benchmark

Class Fields

public class Struct implements Serializable {
  public int f1;
  public long f2;
  public float f3;
  public double f4;
  public int f5;
  public long f6;
  public float f7;
  public double f8;
  public int f9;
  public long f10;
  public float f11;
  public double f12;
}

Benchmark Results

No compression:

Benchmark repeat number: 400000
Object type: class org.apache.fory.graalvm.Struct
Compress number: false
Fory size: 76.0
JDK size: 178.0
Fory serialization took mills: 49
JDK serialization took mills: 2254
Compare speed: Fory is 45.70x speed of JDK
Compare size: Fory is 0.43x size of JDK

Compress number:

Benchmark repeat number: 400000
Object type: class org.apache.fory.graalvm.Struct
Compress number: true
Fory size: 55.0
JDK size: 178.0
Fory serialization took mills: 130
JDK serialization took mills: 3161
Compare speed: Fory is 24.16x speed of JDK
Compare size: Fory is 0.31x size of JDK

Pojo Benchmark

Class Fields

public class Foo implements Serializable {
  int f1;
  String f2;
  List<String> f3;
  Map<String, Long> f4;
}

Benchmark Results

No compression:

Benchmark repeat number: 400000
Object type: class org.apache.fory.graalvm.Foo
Compress number: false
Fory size: 541.0
JDK size: 964.0
Fory serialization took mills: 1663
JDK serialization took mills: 16266
Compare speed: Fory is 12.19x speed of JDK
Compare size: Fory is 0.56x size of JDK

Compress number:

Benchmark repeat number: 400000
Object type: class org.apache.fory.graalvm.Foo
Compress number: true
Fory size: 459.0
JDK size: 964.0
Fory serialization took mills: 1289
JDK serialization took mills: 15069
Compare speed: Fory is 12.11x speed of JDK
Compare size: Fory is 0.48x size of JDK

GraalVM Native Image​

How It Works​

Fory JSON​

Basic Usage​

Create Fory and Register Classes​

Configure Build-Time Initialization​

Registered Classes​

Example with Private Record​

Example with Dynamic Proxy​

Thread-Safe Fory​

Troubleshooting​

"Type is instantiated reflectively but was never registered"​

Framework Integration​

Benchmark​

Struct Benchmark​

Class Fields​

Benchmark Results​

Pojo Benchmark​

Class Fields​

Benchmark Results​

GraalVM Native Image

How It Works

Fory JSON

Basic Usage

Create Fory and Register Classes

Configure Build-Time Initialization

Registered Classes

Example with Private Record

Example with Dynamic Proxy

Thread-Safe Fory

Troubleshooting

"Type is instantiated reflectively but was never registered"

Framework Integration

Benchmark

Struct Benchmark

Class Fields

Benchmark Results

Pojo Benchmark

Class Fields

Benchmark Results