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Version: 0.14

Serialization

This page demonstrates cross-language serialization patterns with examples in all supported languages. Data serialized in one language can be deserialized in any other supported language.

Serialize Built-in Types​

Common types can be serialized automatically without registration: primitive numeric types, string, binary, array, list, map, and more.

Java​

import org.apache.fory.*;
import org.apache.fory.config.*;

import java.util.*;

public class Example1 {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Fory fory = Fory.builder().withLanguage(Language.XLANG).build();
    List<Object> list = ofArrayList(true, false, "str", -1.1, 1, new int[100], new double[20]);
    byte[] bytes = fory.serialize(list);
    // bytes can be deserialized by other languages
    fory.deserialize(bytes);
    Map<Object, Object> map = new HashMap<>();
    map.put("k1", "v1");
    map.put("k2", list);
    map.put("k3", -1);
    bytes = fory.serialize(map);
    // bytes can be deserialized by other languages
    fory.deserialize(bytes);
  }
}

Python​

import pyfory
import numpy as np

fory = pyfory.Fory()
object_list = [True, False, "str", -1.1, 1,
               np.full(100, 0, dtype=np.int32), np.full(20, 0.0, dtype=np.double)]
data = fory.serialize(object_list)
# bytes can be deserialized by other languages
new_list = fory.deserialize(data)
object_map = {"k1": "v1", "k2": object_list, "k3": -1}
data = fory.serialize(object_map)
# bytes can be deserialized by other languages
new_map = fory.deserialize(data)
print(new_map)

Go​

package main

import forygo "github.com/apache/fory/go/fory"
import "fmt"

func main() {
  list := []interface{}{true, false, "str", -1.1, 1, make([]int32, 10), make([]float64, 20)}
  fory := forygo.NewFory()
  bytes, err := fory.Marshal(list)
  if err != nil {
    panic(err)
  }
  var newValue interface{}
  // bytes can be deserialized by other languages
  if err := fory.Unmarshal(bytes, &newValue); err != nil {
    panic(err)
  }
  fmt.Println(newValue)
  dict := map[string]interface{}{
    "k1": "v1",
    "k2": list,
    "k3": -1,
  }
  bytes, err = fory.Marshal(dict)
  if err != nil {
    panic(err)
  }
  // bytes can be deserialized by other languages
  if err := fory.Unmarshal(bytes, &newValue); err != nil {
    panic(err)
  }
  fmt.Println(newValue)
}

JavaScript​

import Fory from "@apache-fory/fory";

/**
 * @apache-fory/hps use v8's fast-calls-api that can be called directly by jit,
 * ensure that the version of Node is 20 or above.
 * Experimental feature, installation success cannot be guaranteed at this moment.
 * If you are unable to install the module, replace it with `const hps = null;`
 **/
import hps from "@apache-fory/hps";

const fory = new Fory({ hps });
const input = fory.serialize("hello fory");
const result = fory.deserialize(input);
console.log(result);

Rust​

use fory::{from_buffer, to_buffer, Fory};
use std::collections::HashMap;

fn run() {
    let bin: Vec<u8> = to_buffer(&"hello".to_string());
    let obj: String = from_buffer(&bin).expect("should success");
    assert_eq!("hello".to_string(), obj);
}

Serialize Custom Types​

User-defined types must be registered using the register API to establish the mapping relationship between types in different languages. Use consistent type names across all languages.

Java​

import org.apache.fory.*;
import org.apache.fory.config.*;
import java.util.*;

public class Example2 {
  public static class SomeClass1 {
    Object f1;
    Map<Byte, Integer> f2;
  }

  public static class SomeClass2 {
    Object f1;
    String f2;
    List<Object> f3;
    Map<Byte, Integer> f4;
    Byte f5;
    Short f6;
    Integer f7;
    Long f8;
    Float f9;
    Double f10;
    short[] f11;
    List<Short> f12;
  }

  public static Object createObject() {
    SomeClass1 obj1 = new SomeClass1();
    obj1.f1 = true;
    obj1.f2 = ofHashMap((byte) -1, 2);
    SomeClass2 obj = new SomeClass2();
    obj.f1 = obj1;
    obj.f2 = "abc";
    obj.f3 = ofArrayList("abc", "abc");
    obj.f4 = ofHashMap((byte) 1, 2);
    obj.f5 = Byte.MAX_VALUE;
    obj.f6 = Short.MAX_VALUE;
    obj.f7 = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
    obj.f8 = Long.MAX_VALUE;
    obj.f9 = 1.0f / 2;
    obj.f10 = 1 / 3.0;
    obj.f11 = new short[]{(short) 1, (short) 2};
    obj.f12 = ofArrayList((short) -1, (short) 4);
    return obj;
  }

  // mvn exec:java -Dexec.mainClass="org.apache.fory.examples.Example2"
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Fory fory = Fory.builder().withLanguage(Language.XLANG).build();
    fory.register(SomeClass1.class, "example.SomeClass1");
    fory.register(SomeClass2.class, "example.SomeClass2");
    byte[] bytes = fory.serialize(createObject());
    // bytes can be deserialized by other languages
    System.out.println(fory.deserialize(bytes));
  }
}

Python​

from dataclasses import dataclass
from typing import List, Dict, Any
import pyfory, array


@dataclass
class SomeClass1:
    f1: Any
    f2: Dict[pyfory.Int8Type, pyfory.Int32Type]


@dataclass
class SomeClass2:
    f1: Any = None
    f2: str = None
    f3: List[str] = None
    f4: Dict[pyfory.Int8Type, pyfory.Int32Type] = None
    f5: pyfory.Int8Type = None
    f6: pyfory.Int16Type = None
    f7: pyfory.Int32Type = None
    # int type will be taken as `pyfory.Int64Type`.
    # use `pyfory.Int32Type` for type hint if peer uses more narrow type.
    f8: int = None
    f9: pyfory.Float32Type = None
    # float type will be taken as `pyfory.Float64Type`
    f10: float = None
    f11: pyfory.Int16ArrayType = None
    f12: List[pyfory.Int16Type] = None


if __name__ == "__main__":
    f = pyfory.Fory()
    f.register_type(SomeClass1, typename="example.SomeClass1")
    f.register_type(SomeClass2, typename="example.SomeClass2")
    obj1 = SomeClass1(f1=True, f2={-1: 2})
    obj = SomeClass2(
        f1=obj1,
        f2="abc",
        f3=["abc", "abc"],
        f4={1: 2},
        f5=2 ** 7 - 1,
        f6=2 ** 15 - 1,
        f7=2 ** 31 - 1,
        f8=2 ** 63 - 1,
        f9=1.0 / 2,
        f10=1 / 3.0,
        f11=array.array("h", [1, 2]),
        f12=[-1, 4],
    )
    data = f.serialize(obj)
    # bytes can be deserialized by other languages
    print(f.deserialize(data))

Go​

package main

import forygo "github.com/apache/fory/go/fory"
import "fmt"

func main() {
  type SomeClass1 struct {
    F1  interface{}
    F2  string
    F3  []interface{}
    F4  map[int8]int32
    F5  int8
    F6  int16
    F7  int32
    F8  int64
    F9  float32
    F10 float64
    F11 []int16
    F12 fory.Int16Slice
  }

  type SomeClass2 struct {
    F1 interface{}
    F2 map[int8]int32
  }
  fory := forygo.NewFory()
  if err := fory.RegisterTagType("example.SomeClass1", SomeClass1{}); err != nil {
    panic(err)
  }
  if err := fory.RegisterTagType("example.SomeClass2", SomeClass2{}); err != nil {
    panic(err)
  }
  obj1 := &SomeClass1{}
  obj1.F1 = true
  obj1.F2 = map[int8]int32{-1: 2}
  obj := &SomeClass1{}
  obj.F1 = obj1
  obj.F2 = "abc"
  obj.F3 = []interface{}{"abc", "abc"}
  f4 := map[int8]int32{1: 2}
  obj.F4 = f4
  obj.F5 = fory.MaxInt8
  obj.F6 = fory.MaxInt16
  obj.F7 = fory.MaxInt32
  obj.F8 = fory.MaxInt64
  obj.F9 = 1.0 / 2
  obj.F10 = 1 / 3.0
  obj.F11 = []int16{1, 2}
  obj.F12 = []int16{-1, 4}
  bytes, err := fory.Marshal(obj);
  if err != nil {
    panic(err)
  }
  var newValue interface{}
  // bytes can be deserialized by other languages
  if err := fory.Unmarshal(bytes, &newValue); err != nil {
    panic(err)
  }
  fmt.Println(newValue)
}

JavaScript​

import Fory, { Type, InternalSerializerType } from "@apache-fory/fory";

/**
 * @apache-fory/hps use v8's fast-calls-api that can be called directly by jit,
 * ensure that the version of Node is 20 or above.
 * Experimental feature, installation success cannot be guaranteed at this moment.
 * If you are unable to install the module, replace it with `const hps = null;`
 **/
import hps from "@apache-fory/hps";

// Describe data structures using JSON schema
const description = Type.object("example.foo", {
  foo: Type.string(),
});
const fory = new Fory({ hps });
const { serialize, deserialize } = fory.registerSerializer(description);
const input = serialize({ foo: "hello fory" });
const result = deserialize(input);
console.log(result);

Rust​

use chrono::{NaiveDate, NaiveDateTime};
use fory::{from_buffer, to_buffer, Fory};
use std::collections::HashMap;

#[test]
fn complex_struct() {
    #[derive(Fory, Debug, PartialEq)]
    #[tag("example.foo2")]
    struct Animal {
        category: String,
    }

    #[derive(Fory, Debug, PartialEq)]
    #[tag("example.foo")]
    struct Person {
        c1: Vec<u8>,  // binary
        c2: Vec<i16>, // primitive array
        animal: Vec<Animal>,
        c3: Vec<Vec<u8>>,
        name: String,
        c4: HashMap<String, String>,
        age: u16,
        op: Option<String>,
        op2: Option<String>,
        date: NaiveDate,
        time: NaiveDateTime,
        c5: f32,
        c6: f64,
    }
    let person: Person = Person {
        c1: vec![1, 2, 3],
        c2: vec![5, 6, 7],
        c3: vec![vec![1, 2], vec![1, 3]],
        animal: vec![Animal {
            category: "Dog".to_string(),
        }],
        c4: HashMap::from([
            ("hello1".to_string(), "hello2".to_string()),
            ("hello2".to_string(), "hello3".to_string()),
        ]),
        age: 12,
        name: "helo".to_string(),
        op: Some("option".to_string()),
        op2: None,
        date: NaiveDate::from_ymd_opt(2025, 12, 12).unwrap(),
        time: NaiveDateTime::from_timestamp_opt(1689912359, 0).unwrap(),
        c5: 2.0,
        c6: 4.0,
    };

    let bin: Vec<u8> = to_buffer(&person);
    let obj: Person = from_buffer(&bin).expect("should success");
    assert_eq!(person, obj);
}

Serialize Shared and Circular References​

Shared references and circular references can be serialized automatically with no duplicate data or recursion errors. Enable reference tracking to use this feature.

Java​

import org.apache.fory.*;
import org.apache.fory.config.*;
import java.util.*;

public class ReferenceExample {
  public static class SomeClass {
    SomeClass f1;
    Map<String, String> f2;
    Map<String, String> f3;
  }

  public static Object createObject() {
    SomeClass obj = new SomeClass();
    obj.f1 = obj;
    obj.f2 = ofHashMap("k1", "v1", "k2", "v2");
    obj.f3 = obj.f2;
    return obj;
  }

  // mvn exec:java -Dexec.mainClass="org.apache.fory.examples.ReferenceExample"
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Fory fory = Fory.builder().withLanguage(Language.XLANG)
      .withRefTracking(true).build();
    fory.register(SomeClass.class, "example.SomeClass");
    byte[] bytes = fory.serialize(createObject());
    // bytes can be deserialized by other languages
    System.out.println(fory.deserialize(bytes));
  }
}

Python​

from typing import Dict
import pyfory

class SomeClass:
    f1: "SomeClass"
    f2: Dict[str, str]
    f3: Dict[str, str]

fory = pyfory.Fory(ref_tracking=True)
fory.register_type(SomeClass, typename="example.SomeClass")
obj = SomeClass()
obj.f2 = {"k1": "v1", "k2": "v2"}
obj.f1, obj.f3 = obj, obj.f2
data = fory.serialize(obj)
# bytes can be deserialized by other languages
print(fory.deserialize(data))

Go​

package main

import forygo "github.com/apache/fory/go/fory"
import "fmt"

func main() {
  type SomeClass struct {
    F1 *SomeClass
    F2 map[string]string
    F3 map[string]string
  }
  fory := forygo.NewFory(true)
  if err := fory.Register(SomeClass{}, 65); err != nil {
    panic(err)
  }
  value := &SomeClass{F2: map[string]string{"k1": "v1", "k2": "v2"}}
  value.F3 = value.F2
  value.F1 = value
  bytes, err := fory.Marshal(value)
  if err != nil {
    panic(err)
  }
  var newValue interface{}
  // bytes can be deserialized by other languages
  if err := fory.Unmarshal(bytes, &newValue); err != nil {
    panic(err)
  }
  fmt.Println(newValue)
}

JavaScript​

import Fory, { Type } from "@apache-fory/fory";
/**
 * @apache-fory/hps use v8's fast-calls-api that can be called directly by jit,
 * ensure that the version of Node is 20 or above.
 * Experimental feature, installation success cannot be guaranteed at this moment.
 * If you are unable to install the module, replace it with `const hps = null;`
 **/
import hps from "@apache-fory/hps";

const description = Type.object("example.foo", {
  foo: Type.string(),
  bar: Type.object("example.foo"),
});

const fory = new Fory({ hps });
const { serialize, deserialize } = fory.registerSerializer(description);
const data: any = {
  foo: "hello fory",
};
data.bar = data;
const input = serialize(data);
const result = deserialize(input);
console.log(result.bar.foo === result.foo);

Rust​

Circular references cannot be implemented in Rust due to ownership restrictions.

See Also​